THE  STIRLING 

WATER-TUBE  BOILER 


THE  BABCOCK  &  WILCOX  CO. 
NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1912,  by  The  Babcock  &  Wilcox  Company 


85    LIBERTY    STREET,    NEW    YORK,    U.  S.  A. 

Works 

BAYONNE     .     NEW  JERSEY 
BARBERTON     .     .     .     OHIO 

Directors 

E.    H.    WELLS,    President  J.    E.    EVSTIS,    Secretary 

W.    D.    HOXIE,    ist   Vice-President  F.    G.    BOURNE 

E.    R.    STETTINIUS,    ad  Vice-President  O.    C.    BARBER 

J.    G.    WARD,    Treasurer  C.    A.    KNIGHT 

Branch   Offices 

ATLANTA CANDLER  BUILDING 

BOSTON          .............     35  FEDERAL  STREET 

CHICAGO MARQUETTE  BUILDING 

CINCINNATI TRACTION  BUILDING 

CLEVELAND ~— ,        .        .        .    NEW  ENGLAND  BUILDING 

DENVER 435  SEVENTEENTH  STREET 

HAVANA,  CUBA 104  CALLE  DE  AGUIAR 

HOUSTON BRAZOS  HOTEL  BUILDING 

LOS  ANGELES      . 321  AMERICAN  BANK  BUILDING 

NEW  ORLEANS SHUBERT  ARCADE 

PHILADELPHIA NORTH  AMERICAN  BUILDING 

PITTSBURGH FARMERS'  DEPOSIT  BANK  BUILDING 

PORTLAND,  ORE WELLS-FARGO  BUILDING 

SALT  LAKE  CITY 313  ATLAS  BLOCK 

SAN  FRANCISCO 99  FIRST  STREET 

SEATTLE MUTUAL  LIFE  BUILDING 

TUCSON,  ARIZ SANTA  RITA  HOTEL  BUILDING 

Export  Department,  New  York :     Alberto  de  Verastigui,  Director 

TELEGRAPHIC    ADDRESS:     FOR   NEW  YORK,    "  GLOVEBOXES" ; 
FOR  HAVANA,    "  BABCOCK" 


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FOREWORD 

THE  selection  of  steam  boilers  is  a  matter  which  is  worthy  of  the  most 
careful  thought  and  attention.  While  some  purchasers  of  boilers  give 
this  important  subject  proper  consideration,  there  are  many  who  accept  as 
entirely  satisfactory  those  boilers  with  which  they  have  had  experience,  or  who 
buy  the  cheapest  after  little  or  no  investigation.  Purchasers  of  the  latter  class 
often  carefully  consider  the  comparative  economy  and  reliability  of  engines  and 
auxiliaries,  so  that  in  some  steam  plants  we  find  refinements  of  economy  and 
convenience  in  the  engines  and  auxiliaries,  while  the  boilers  may  be  wasteful  in 
operation  and  deficient  in  the  essentials  of  simplicity,  economy  and  adaptability 
to  the  service  for  which  they  are  used.  While  refinements  in  engine  economies 
add  materially  to  the  first  cost  of  the  plant,  the  best  boiler  may  frequently  be 
purchased  at  a  cost  comparatively  little  above  ihafc,  bZ  £iV  infe?iqr:  ;<3ne,  and  will 
effect  a  greater  saving  for  a  given  increase  in  cp,st  'tKan  could  possibly  be  obtained 
by  installing  a  more  efficient  engine.  \t.  :\\  :..  2  i1  "^  N  iM  ;  /^ 

The  special  requirements  of  each  individual  case  should  be  carefully 
considered  before  determining  the  general  type  of  the  boiler  needed.  After  the 
general  type  has  been  decided  upon,  the  most  important  features  to  be  considered 
are  safety,  efficiency,  durability  and  accessibility.  Of  almost  equal  importance  are 
the  experience,  skill,  financial  responsibility  and  reputation  of  the  manufacturers. 

The  method  of  supporting  the  boiler  should  provide  for  the  free  expansion 
of  the  component  parts  under  changes  of  temperature  without  introducing  unequal 
strains.  The  circulation  should  be  such  as  to  keep  all  parts  at  practically  the 
same  temperature.  All  parts  of  the  boiler  should  be  so  accessible  for  inspection 
as  to  prohibit  the  possibility  of  concealed  corrosion . 

Baffles  should  be  so  designed  that  they  cannot  be  easily  damaged  or 
displaced  in  service  or  by  gas  explosions,  and  should  be  so  accessible  that  if 
a  defect  be  discovered  it  may  be  readily  repaired  without  removing  tubes  or  any 
part  of  the  setting. 

The  arrangement  of  tubes  should  be  such  that  any  tube  may  be 
removed  and  replaced  without  disturbing  any  other  tube.  The  spacing  should 
allow  the  free  passage  of  the  gases  around  each  tube  so  as  to  avoid  the  possibility 
of  the  gases  being  throttled  or  of  the  spaces  becoming  clogged  by  deposits  of 
soot.  Sufficient  steam  and  water  capacity  should  be  provided  to  insure  dry 
steam  under  widely  varying  load  conditions. 

Riveted  seams  should  not  be  placed  in  the  path  of  the  hottest  gases.  There 
should  be  no  possibility  of  steam  or  air  pockets  at  points  exposed  to  intense 
heat.  Tubes  that  may  become  overheated  in  case  of  low  water  should  not  be 
used  as  stays.  Staybolts  are  wholly  objectionable.  The  sole  useful  purpose 
which  a  staybolt  serves  in  a  stationary  boiler  is  to  make  it  possible  to  use  a 
cheap  form  of  construction.  Check  valves  or  other  delicate  mechanical  devices 
should  not  be  used  in  the  interior  of  a  boiler. 


BLACKSTONE    HOTEL,  CHICAGO,  ILL.,  OPERATING    1012    HORSE-POWER 
OF   STIRLING    BOILERS 


Large  flat  surfaces,  stayed  or  unstayed,  are  among  the  most  dangerous  and 
otherwise  objectionable  features  in  boiler  construction  and  should  not  be  used  in 
any  boiler  carrying  the  high  pressures  now  common  in  modern  steam  plants. 

Another  objection  to  flat  stayed  surfaces  is  that  in  vertical  water-tube  boilers 
the  flat  surfaces  are  usually  so  located  as  to  form  a  convenient  lodging  place  for 
flue  dust.  The  flue  dust  fuses  into  a  hard  mass  which  is  difficult  to  remove, 


and  which,  on  account  of  its  non-conductivity,  destroys  the  effectiveness  of  that 
portion  of  the  heating  surface.  Further,  such  an  accumulation  increases  the 
chance  of  corrosion  without  the  possibility  of  detection.  The  stays  collect  scale 
and  mud  and  increase  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  cleaning. 

The  life  of  a  good  boiler  is  variable,  depending  upon  the  attention  it  receives, 
but  a  modern,  properly  designed  water-tube  boiler  should  be  capable  of  standing 
the  test  of  a  long  period  of  years  without  material  reduction  in  its  margin  of 
safety  and  economy. 


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HISTORY    OF    THE 
STIRLING    WATER-TUBE    BOILER 

THE    Stirling   boiler    was    first    manufactured    commercially    by    The 
International  Boiler  Company,  Limited,  of  New  York,  in  1889.    The  first 
boilers  built  consisted  of  two  upper  drums  and  a    lower  drum,    being 
crudely  constructed  and  having  little  or  no  attention  given,  either  in  construction 
or  erection,  to  those  minor  details  which  in  the  aggregate  make  for  the  success  of 
a  boiler.     Crude  though  the  construction  of  these  boilers  was,  they  demonstrated 
that  the  design  was  such  as  to  give  great  possibilities  for  development.    With  this 
fact  established,  The  Stirling  Boiler  Company  was  formed  and  purchased   the 
interests  of  The  International  Boiler  Company,  Limited,  in  1 890. 

The  construction  of  the  boiler  was  elaborated,  though  the  principle  remained 
the  same.  A  third  upper  drum  was  added,  the  plan  of  setting  modified,  and 
such  improvements  made  as  would  naturally  result  from  a  systematic  effort  to 
produce  a  safe,  durable  and  economical  steam  generator  for  the  varying  conditions 
which  are  met  in  steam  practice. 

In  1905  The  Stirling  Boiler  Company  acquired  other  interests  and  became 
The  Stirling  Consolidated  Boiler  Company.  In  1907  the  manufacturing  plant 
and  business  of  The  Stirling  Consolidated  Boiler  Company  were  acquired  by 
The  Babcock  &  Wilcox  Company. 


SECTIONAL    ELEVATION,  CLASS  "A"  STIRLING    BOILER 


GENERAL    DESCRIPTION 


THE  Stirling  boiler  is  built  in  a  number  of  different  designs,  known  as 
classes,  to  meet  varying  conditions  of  floor  space  and  head  room.  All 
classes  are  of  the  same  general  design  varying  in  depth,  height  and  in 
the  number  and  length  of  the  tubes.  The  boiler  consists  of  three  transverse 
steam-and-water  drums,  set  parallel,  and  connected  to  a  mud  drum  by  water 
tubes,  so  curved  as  to  enter  the  tube  sheets  radially.  The  steam  space  of  the 
center  drum  is  interconnected  to  both  the  front  and  rear  drums  by  a  row  of 
curved  steam  circulating  tubes  and  to  the  water  space  of  the  front  drum  by 
water  circulating  tubes,  the  number  of  these  latter  tubes  depending  upon 
the  class  of  the  boiler.  The  main  steam  outlet  is  placed  on  the  top  of  the 
center  drum.  Two  independent  safety  valves  are  also  placed  on  the  top 
of  this  drum,  and  to  one  drum  head  a  water  column  is  connected. 

A  feed  pipe  enters  the  top  of  the  rear  steam-and-water  drum  at  the 
center  and  discharges  into  a  removable  trough,  by  which  the  feed  water  is 
distributed  over  a  relatively  large  width  of  the  drum. 

A  blow-off  connection,  or  connections,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the 
boiler  is  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  mud  drum  and  is  extended  through  a  sleeve 
in  the  rear  or  side  wall,  just  outside  of  which  the  blow-off  valve  is  located. 

The  pressure  parts  of  the  boiler  are  supported  on  saddles  under  each 
steam-and-water  drum  by  a  rectangular  structure  of  rolled  steel  sections  entirely 

independent  of  the  brickwork. 

DRUM  CONSTRUCTION — Each  drum  is  made 
of  a  single  tube  sheet  riveted  by  properly  pro- 
portioned lap  or  butt  and  strap  longitudinal 
seams  to  a  drum  sheet.  The  drum  heads  are  of 
forged  steel,  one  head  in  each  drum  being  pro- 
vided with  a  manhole  fitted  with  a  forged  steel 
manhole  plate  and  guards. 

TUBE  SPACING  —  Sufficient  space  is  left 
between  the  tubes  to  permit  a  free  passage  of 
the  gases.  The  tubes  are  so  spaced  that  any 
tube  can  be  removed  and  replaced  without 
disturbing  any  other  tube  or  the  brickwork. 
After  a  tube  has  been  removed  it  is  passed  out 
through  one  of  the  doors  built  into  the  setting 
for  that  purpose. 

BAFFLES  — The  baffle  brick  are  plain  fire  brick  tiles  resting  against  the  rear 
tubes  of  the  first  and  second  banks,  reaching  in  the  first  instance  from  the  mud 
drum  nearly  to  the  top  of  the  first  bank,  and  in  the  second  instance  from  the 
center  steam-and-water  drum  nearly  to  the  bottom  of  the  second  bank.  A  shelf 


FORGED  STEEL  DRUM  HEAD 

WITH    MANHOLE    PLATE 

IN    POSITION 


PARTIAL    FRONT    ELEVATION    AND    SECTIONAL    ELEVATION    THROUGH 
FURNACE    AND    FRONT    STEAM    DRUM 


16 


placed  near  the  top  of  the  front  baffle  deflects  the  gases  into  the  second  bank 

of  tubes.     A  second  shelf  is  placed  near  the  top  of  the  rear  bank  of  tubes  and 

deflects   the  gases  in  their   passage  upward   through   this   rear   bank   into  the 

tubes,  thus  preventing  by -passing  between  the  tubes  and  the  rear  wall  of  the  boiler 

setting.     A  covering  of  fire  brick  resting  on  the 

water  circulating  tubes  between  the  front  and 

middle    steam-and-water    drums     prevents    the 

gases    passing   above    these  tubes.     The  baffle 

walls  guide  the  gases  up  the  front  bank  of  tubes, 

down   the   middle  bank  and  up  the  rear  bank, 

bringing  them  into  intimate  contact  with  all  of 

the     heating    surfaces.      The    baffle    openings 

between  the  banks  are  so  designed  that  there 

will  be  a  proper  distribution  of  the  products  of 

combustion  with  a  minimum  amount  of  throttling 

action,  and  can  be  readily  adjusted  to  suit  fuel 

conditions. 

FORGED  STEEL  DRUM  HEAD 

DAMPER  Box  —  A    damper    box    equipped  INTERIOR 

with  a  swinging  damper  is  placed  either  on  the 

top  of  the  boiler  at  the  rear  of  the  setting  or  in  the  rear  wall.  In  the  first 
instance  it  rests  on  special  supports  carried  on  the  boiler  supporting  framework. 
With  such  an  arrangement  it  may  either  in  turn  support  an  overhead  stack  and 
breeching  or  it  may  be  connected  to  an  overhead  flue.  In  the  second  case,  the 
damper  frame  is  built  into  the  rear  wall  and  is  adaptable  for  any  method  of  rear 
flue  connection. 

EXPANSION  — The  mud  drum  is  suspended  from  all  of  the  steam-and-water 
drums  by  the  water  tubes,  swinging  entirely  free  of  the  setting  brickwork.  Air 
leakage  around  the  ends  of  this  drum  is  prevented  by  soft  asbestos  packing 
between  it  and  the  brickwork.  This  construction,  together  with  the  curvature 
of  the  tubes  which  is  necessary  in  order  that  they  may  enter  the  tube  sheets 
radially,  gives  ample  and  efficient  provision  for  expansion  and  contraction.  The 
design  ensures  thorough  equalization  and  proper  distribution  of  all  strains 
incident  to  the  service  of  steam  generation. 

BRICKWORK  — The  setting  of  the  Stirling  boiler  is  simple,  being  rectangular 
in  outline.  No  special  shapes  of  bricks  not  to  be  found  on  the  open  market  are 
required  for  the  setting,  and  the  work  may  be  done  by  any  brick-mason  familiar 
with  furnace  brickwork  and  who  can  read  drawings.  The  arrangement  of  arch 
skewbacks  is  of  such  a  nature  that  a  complete  furnace  lining  may  be  installed 
without  in  any  way  disturbing  the  boiler  arch.  All  masonry  repairs  to  the 
brickwork  may  be  done  without  disturbing  the  pressure  parts  of  the  boiler  or 
its  connections. 


SECTIONAL   ELEVATION,  CLASS  "S"  STIRLING    BOILER   WITH   BABCOCK  &   WILCOX 
SUPERHEATER    AND    BAYONNE    CHAIN    GRATE    STOKER 


18 


FURNACE— The  design  of  the  Stirling  furnace  possesses  many  distinctive 
advantages.  By  referring  to  the  illustrations  it  will  be  seen  that  a  fire-brick 
arch  is  sprung  over  the  grates  and  immediately  in  front  of  the  first  bank  of 
tubes.  The  large  triangular  space  between  the  boiler  front,  the  tubes  and  the 
mud  drum  forms  a  fire-brick  combustion  chamber  in  which  it  is  possible  to  install 
a  sufficient  amount  of  grate  surface  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  lowest  grades 
of  fuel.  The  arch,  acting  in  a  manner  similar  to  the  roof  of  a  reverberatory 
furnace,  heats  any  air  admitted  over  the  fuel  bed,  and  the  gases  distilled  from 
the  fuel  are  ignited  by  the  heat  radiated  from  the  arch.  It  ensures  a  proper 
distribution  of  the  gases  to  the  front  bank  of  tubes  and  prevents  the  cooling  of 
the  boiler  by  any  inrush  of  cold  air  when  the  furnace  doors  are  opened.  The 
gases  do  not  come  into  contact  with  the  comparatively  cool  surfaces  of  the  tubes 
until  after  they  have  passed  out  of  the  fire-brick  combustion  chamber  in  which 
they  have  had  ample  space  and  time  to  be  properly  burned.  The  furnace  is 
readily  adaptable  to  the  fuel  available,  whether  solid,  liquid  or  gaseous. 


PORTION   OF    19400    HORSE-POWER   INSTALLATION    OF    STIRLING    BOILERS 
FOR   THE    BETHLEHEM    STEEL   CO.,  SO.  BETHLEHEM,  PA. 


ACCESS  AND  CLEANING 
DOOR 


FRONT  —  The  front  is  of  ornamental  design,  substantially  made  of  cast  iron 

and  steel,  and  is  built  up  in  sections  and  bolted  together.     The  joints   are  so 

placed  as  to  permit  the  application  of  any  stoker,  oil  or  gas  burners.     The  joints 

provide  for  all  expansion  and  thus  prevent  warping  and  cracking. 

ACCESS  AND  CLEANING  DOORS  —  Doors  for  cleaning  the  heating  surfaces 

and  for  access  to  the  interior  of  the  brick  setting  are  provided  in  the  front, 

side  and  rear  walls  in  sufficient  number  to  allow  all  parts 

to  be  thoroughly  cleaned  by  the  means  of  a  steam 

lance  and  to  make  the  exterior  of  the  heating  surfaces 

easily  accessible  for  inspection.      All  cleaning  doors 

seat  tight  against  asbestos  packing  hammered  into  a 

groove  in  the  face  of  the  door  frame,  in  this  manner 

preventing  the  leakage  of  air  into  the  setting. 

A  large  circular  door  in  the  setting  gives  access 

to  the  manhole  end  of  the  mud  drum.     This  door  is 

also  asbestos  packed  to  prevent  air  leakage. 

INTERIOR  CLEANING — Removingthe  manholeplates  from  the  four  drums  gives 

easy  access  to  the  interior  of  all  heating  surfaces  for  examination,  cleaning  and  repairs. 

Any  scale  which  may  have  formed  on  the 
interior  surfaces  of  the  tubes  may  be  removed 
by  a  turbine  cleaner  of  any  of  the  many  designs 
on  the  market.  The  hose  to  which  the  cleaner 
is  attached  is  passed  into  the  drum,  the  operator 
running  the  cleaner  through  the  tubes  by  means 
of  the  hose. 

FITTINGS  —  The  boiler  accessories  consist 
of  the  following : 

Feed  water  connections  and  valves  attached 
to  the  rear  steam  and  water  drum. 

Blow-off  connections  and  valves  connected 
to  the  mud  drum. 

Safety  valves  placed  on  the  center  steam-and-water  drum. 
A  water  column  connected  to  the  center  steam-and-water  drum  and  placed 
in  a  position  visible  from  any  point  forward  of  the  boiler  front. 
A  steam  gauge  attached  to  the  boiler  front. 

All  of  these  fittings  are  substantially  made  and  are  of  designs  which 
by  their  successful  service  for  many  years  have  become  standard  with  The 
Babcock  &  Wilcox  Company. 

OPERATION — The  path  of  the  gases  from  the  furnace  has  already  been 
indicated.  The  water  which  as  stated  is  fed  into  the  rear  steam-and-water  drum, 
passes  downward  through  the  rear  bank  of  tubes  to  the  mud  drum,  thence 
upward  through  the  front  bank  of  tubes  to  the  forward  steam-and-water  drum. 


MUD  DRUM  ACCESS   DOOR 


22 


The  steam  formed  during  the  passage  upward  through  the  front  bank  of  tubes 
becomes  separated  from  the  water  in  the  front  drum  and  passes  through  the 
upper  row  of  cross  tubes  or  steam  circulators  into  the  center  steam-and-water 
drum,  from  which  point  it  passes  through  the  dry  pipe  into  the  steam  main. 
The  water  from  the  front  drum  passes  through  the  lower  or  water  circulating  tubes 
into  the  middle  drum  and  thence  downward  through  the  middle  bank  of 
tubes  to  the  mud  drum,  from  which  it  is  again  drawn  up  the  front  bank 
to  retrace  its  course.  The  steam  generated  in  the  rear  bank  of  tubes  passes 
through  the  rear  steam  circulators  to  the  center  steam-and-water  drum. 

The  great  water  storage  capacity  of  the  four  drums  and  the  tubes,  together 
with  the  large  disengaging  surface  of  the  three  steam-and-water  drums,  and  the 
arrangement  by  which  the  greatest  steam  space  is  in  the  steam-and-water  drum 
from  which  the  steam  is  taken,  ensures  the  production  of  dry  steam  under 
varying  loads  and  irregular  firing  conditions. 

BAD  FEED  WATER — In  its  passage  downward'  through  the  rear  bank  of 
tubes  the  feed  water  is  heated  to  such  an  extent  that  much  of  the  scale  forming 
matter  is  precipitated  and  gathers  in  this  bank  and  in  the  mud  drum.  Here  it  is 
protected  from  high  temperatures  and  can  be  washed  and  blown  down  as 
frequently  as  the  case  demands.  As  the  circulation  is  comparatively  slow  in  the 
rear  bank  of  tubes  a  large  percentage  of  matter  held  in  suspension  is  deposited  in 
the  mud  drum  before  reaching  that  portion  of  the  heating  surface  subjected  to 
intense  heat. 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP  —  The  details  of  the  Stirling  boiler  have 
been  developed  after  years  of  most  careful  observation  on  the  part  of  com- 
petent engineers.  Materials  entering  into  their  construction  are  the  best 
obtainable  for  the  special  purpose  for  which  they  are  used  and  are  subjected  to 
rigid  inspection  and  tests.  All  pressure  parts  have  a  factor  of  safety  of  at  least  5. 

The  boilers  are  manufactured  by  the  most  modern  shop  equipment  and 
appliances  in  the  hands  of  an  old  and  well  trained  organization  of  skilled 
mechanics  under  the  direct  supervision  of  experienced  engineers. 


INDIANAPOLIS  LIGHT  AND  HEAT  COMPANY,  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  OPERATING 
8800   HORSE-POWER    OF    STIRLING    BOILERS 


24 


CIRCULATION 

A  WELL  designed  water-tube  boiler  should  possess  to  a  high  degree  of 
perfection  the  important  feature  of  definite  and  positive  circulation. 
The  effect  of  different  degrees  of  expansion  in  different  parts  of  the 
structure,  so  destructive  to  cylindrical  and  tubular  boilers,  is  eliminated  in  a 
properly  designed  water-tube  boiler.  The  difference  in  expansion  of  the  various 
parts  of  a  boiler  is  dependent  upon  the  difference  in  the  temperature  of  those  parts ; 
consequently  the  greater  the  uniformity  in  temperature  of  the  water  the  less 
will  be  the  difference  in  expansion  between  the 
different  parts  of  the  boiler,  as  the  temperature  of 
the  pressure  parts  (when  the  material  is  not  too 
thick)  must  be  practically  the  temperature  of  the 
contained  water. 

Rapid  circulation  insures  uniformity  of  tempera- 
ture of  the  water  and  of  the  pressure  parts  and 
thereby  prevents  unequal  expansion  and  contraction 
with  the  subsequent  destructive  strains. 

In  the  Stirling  boiler  the  rapid  circulation  carries 
the  steam  bubbles  with  the  current  of  water  to  the 
disengaging  surface  and  the  steam  space,  and  thus 
prevents  the  formation  of  steam  pockets  and 
the  consequent  overheating  and  burning  of  tubes 
at  points  where  the  greatest  heat  is  applied. 

The  theory  of  circulation,  as  described  by  Geo.  H.  Babcock,  presents  the 
matter  in  a  clear  and  most  satisfactory  manner.  His  discussion  of  the  subject 
in  "  Steam  "  is  too  well  known  to  require  repetition  here.  The  circulation  is 
illustrated  by  applying  the  flame  of  a  lamp  to  one  leg  of  a  U-tube,  suspended 
from  the  bottom  of  a  vessel  filled  with  water,  the  heat  from  the  flame  setting  up 
a  uniform  circulation,  as  indicated  in  the  illustration.  Mr.  Babcock  states:  "This 
U-tube  is  the  representation  of  the  true  method  of  circulation  within  a  water-tube 
boiler  properly  constructed." 

The  sectional  views  of  the  Stirling  water-tube  boiler  on  the  preceding  pages, 
will  indicate  that  the  design  is  such  as  to  fully  meet  the  requirements  for  uniform 
circulation  as  illustrated  by  the  U-tube  and  flame.  The  front  bank  of  tubes, 
subjected  to  the  most  intense  heat,  represents  the  leg  of  the  U-tube  to  which 
the  flame  is  applied.  The  uniform  circulation  up  the  front  bank  of  tubes, 
through  the  water  circulating  tubes  to  the  center  steam-and-water  drum  and 
down  the  center  bank  of  tubes  to  the  mud  drum,  together  with  the  downward 
circulation  through  the  rear  bank  of  tubes  to  replace  water  evaporated  into 
steam,  ensures  a  complete  and  clearly  defined  circulation  throughout  the 
entire  boiler. 


U-TUBE    ILLUSTRATING 

CIRCULATION    IN    A 

PROPERLY   DESIGNED 

WATER-TUBE    BOILER 


25 


26 


THE  STIRLING  BOILER  IN  SERVICE 

STIRLING  boilers  have  been  in  operation  since  1890,  and  their  performance 
since  that  time  has  clearly  demonstrated  their  right  to  all  of  the  claims 
of  excellence  which  have  been  made  for  them. 

The  ease  with  which  the  Stirling  boiler  may  be  cleaned,  its  efficient  and 
substantial  baffling  and  its  flexibility  under  varying  load  conditions,  have  caused  it 
to  be  adopted  extensively  in  plants  representing  practically  every  industry 
throughout  the  world.  Over  3,000,000  horse-power  of  Stirling  boilers  are  in 
use  in  electric  light  and  power  plants,  street  railway  power  stations,  coal  mining 
plants,  blast  furnaces,  rolling  mills,  smelting  and  refining  plants,  heating  and 
lighting  plants  in  educational  institutions,  sugar  mills,  breweries,  cotton  mills, 
lumber  mills,  ice  plants,  oil  refineries,  and  their  allied  industries. 

The  Stirling  boiler  has  proved  entirely  successful  in  the  use  of  anthracite 
and  bituminous  coals  with  both  hand  and  stoker  firing,  lignite  from  the  various 
lignite  fields,  oil  fuel,  wood  and  saw  mill  refuse,  green  bagasse,  tan  bark,  blast 
furnace,  coke  oven  and  natural  gas,  and  waste  heat  from  brick  kilns,  cement  kilns 
and  smelting:  furnaces. 


27 


i 


CARE  AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE 
STIRLING  BOILER 

BEFORE  placing  a  new  boiler  in  service  a  careful  and  thorough  examination 
should  be  made  of  the  pressure  parts  and  the  setting.  The  latter  should 
be  inspected  to  see  that  the  baffle  openings  and  the  distance  from  the 
arch  to  the  tubes  are  as  called  for  by  the  particular  drawings  for  the  installation 
in  question;  that  the  joints  of  the  baffle  tile  are  directly  behind  the  tubes;  that 
the  mud  drum  and  blow-off  pipe  are  free  to  expand  without  interference  with  the 
setting  walls ;  and  that  all  brick  and  mortar  are  cleaned  from  the  setting  and 
pressure  parts.  Tie  rods  should  be  set  up  snug  and  then  slacked  slightly  until 
the  setting  has  been  thoroughly  warmed  after  the  first  firing.  Internally  the 
boiler  should  be  examined  to  insure  the  absence  of  dirt,  waste,  oil  and  tools. 

If  there  is  oil  or  paint  in  the  boiler,  one  peck  of  soda  ash  should  be  placed 
in  each  upper  drum,  the  boiler  filled  to  its  normal  level  with  water  and  a  slow 
fire  started.  After  twelve  hours  the  fire  should  be  allowed  to  die  out,  the  boiler 
cooled  slowly,  then  opened  and  washed  out  thoroughly.  This  will  remove  all  oil 
and  grease  from  the  interior  of  the  boiler  and  prevent  foaming  when  it  is  placed 
in  service. 

The  water  column  piping  should  be  examined  and  known  to  be  free  and 
clear,  and  the  water  level  as  indicated  by  the  gauge  glass  should  be  checked  by 
opening  the  gauge  cocks. 

Firing  the  boiler  with  green  walls  will  invariably  crack  the  setting  brick- 
work unless  this  be  dried  properly.  To  start  this  drying  process,  as  soon  as  the 
brickwork  is  completed  the  damper  and  ash  pit  doors  should  be  blocked  open 
to  maintain  a  circulation  of  air  through  the  setting.  Whenever  possible,  this 
should  be  done  for  several  days  before  firing.  When  ready  for  firing,  wood  should 
be  used  for  a  light  fire,  gradually  building  it  up  until  the  walls  are  thoroughly 
warmed.  Coal  should  then  be  fired  and  the  boiler  placed  in  regular  service. 

A  boiler  should  not  be  cut  into  the  line  with  other  boilers  until  the  pressure 
is  within  a  few  pounds  of  that  in  the  steam  main.  The  boiler  stop  valve  should 
be  opened  very  slowly  until  it  is  opened  fully.  Care  must  be  taken  to  see  that 
the  arrangement  of  piping  is  such  that  there  will  be  no  possibility  of  water 
collecting  in  any  pocket  between  a  boiler  and  the  main,  from  which  it  can  be 
carried  over  into  the  steam  line  when  the  boiler  is  cut  in. 

In  regular  operation  the  safety  valve  and  the  steam  gauge  should  be  checked 
daily.  The  steam  pressure  should  be  raised  sufficiently  to  cause  the  safety  valves 
to  blow,  at  which  time  the  steam  gauge  should  indicate  the  pressure  for  which 
the  safety  valves  are  known  to  be  set.  If  it  does  not,  one  is  in  error  and  the 
gauge  should  at  once  be  compared  with  one  of  known  accuracy  and  any  discrep- 
ancy rectified.  The  water  column  should  be  blown  down  thoroughly  at  least 

29 


once  on  each  shift  and  the  height  of  the  water  as  shown  by  the  gauge  glass 
checked  by  opening  the  gauge  cocks  at  the  side  of  the  column.  The  bottom 
blow-off  valves  should  be  kept  tight  and  opened  at  least  once  daily  to  blow 
from  the  mud  drum  any  sediment  which  may  have  collected  from  concen- 
tration of  the  boiler  feed  water.  The  amount  of  blowing  necessary  will  depend 
upon  the  character  of  the  feed  water  used. 

In  case  of  low  water,  resulting  either  from  carelessness  or  unforeseen 
conditions  of  operating,  the  essential  object  to  be  attained  is  to  extinguish  the 
fire  in  the  quickest  possible  manner.  Ordinary  practice  has  been  to  cover 
the  fires  with  wet  ashes,  dirt  or  fresh  fuel.  Under  certain  conditions  it  is 
feasible  to  put  out  the  fires  with  a  heavy  stream  of  water  from  a  hose  and 


FIG.  i 

this  method,  where  practicable,  should  be  followed.  The  boiler  should  be  cut 
out  of  the  line  and  a  thorough  inspection  made  to  ascertain  what  damage,  if  any, 
has  been  done  before  it  is  again  placed  in  operation. 

The  efficiency  and  capacity  of  a  boiler  depend  to  an  extent  very  much 
greater  than  is  ordinarily  appreciated  upon  its  cleanliness  internally  and 
externally,  and  systematic  cleaning  should  be  included  as  a  regular  feature  in 
the  operation  of  any  steam  plant. 

The  outer  surfaces  of  the  tubes  should  be  blown  free  from  soot  with  a  steam 
lance  at  regular  intervals,  the  frequency  of  such  cleaning  periods  depending  upon 
the  class  of  fuel  burned.  Internally  the  tubes  should  be  kept  clean  from  scale 
and  sludge  which  will  accumulate  due  to  the  concentration  of  solids  present  in 
practically  any  boiler  feed  water.  This  internal  cleaning  can  best  be  accom- 
plished by  the  use  of  an  air  or  water  driven  turbine,  the  cutter  heads  of  which 

31 


may  be  changed  to  handle  varying  thicknesses  of  scale.  Figure  I  shows  a 
turbine  cleaner  together  with  several  cutting  heads  which  has  been  found  to  give 
satisfactory  results. 

When  scale  has  been  allowed  to  accumulate  to  an  excessive  thickness  the 
work  of  removing  it  is  difficult.  Where  the  scale  is  of  a  sulphate  formation  its 
removal  may  be  made  easier  by  filling  the  boiler  with  water  in  which  there  has  been 
placed  a  bucketful  of  soda  ash  to  each  drum,  starting  a  slow  fire  and  allowing  the 
water  to  boil  for  twenty-four  hours  without  allowing  any  pressure  on  the  boiler. 
It  should  then  be  cooled  slowly,  drained,  and  the  turbine  cleaner  used  immediately 
as  the  action  of  the  air  tends  to  harden  the  scale.  While  the  use  of  a  boiler 
compound  in  feed  water  is  permissable  with  a  view  to  preventing  the  formation 
of  scale,  such  an  agent  should  not  be  introduced  into  the  boiler  while  it  is  in 
operation  with  a  view  to  softening  or  loosening  any  scale  that  may  already  be 
present  in  the  boiler. 

Aside  from  the  aspect  of  efficiency  and  capacity,  a  clean  interior  of  boiler 
heating  surfaces  insures  protection  from  burning.  In  the  absence  of  a  blow-pipe 
action  of  the  flames,  it  is  impossible  to  burn  a  metal  surface  when  water  is  in 
intimate  contact  with  that  surface.  Any  formation  of  scale  on  the  interior 
surfaces  of  a  boiler  will  keep  the  water  from  those  surfaces  and  increases  their 
tendency  to  burn.  Particles  of  loose  scale  which  may  have  become  detached  will 
lodge  at  certain  points  in  the  tubes  and  act  at  such  points  in  the  same  manner 
as  a  continuous  coating  of  scale  except  that  the  tendency  to  burn  is  localized. 
If  oil  is  allowed  to  enter  the  boiler  with  the  feed  water,  its  action  will  be  the 
same  as  that  of  scale  in  keeping  the  water  from  the  metal  of  the  tubes,  in  this 
way  increasing  their  liability  to  burn. 

It  has  been  proven  beyond  doubt  that  a  very  large  percentage  of  tube  losses 
is  due  to  the  presence  of  scale  which,  in  many  instances  has  been  so  thin  as  to 
be  considered  of  no  moment,  and  the  importance  of  maintaining  the  interior  of 
boiler  heating  surfaces  in  a  clean  condition  cannot  be  emphasized  too  strongly. 

If  pitting  or  corrosion  is  noted,  the  parts  affected  should  be  carefully  cleaned 
and  painted  with  white  zinc.  The  cause  of  such  action  should  be  determined 
immediately  and  steps  taken  to  see  that  a  proper  remedy  is  applied. 

When  making  an  internal  inspection  of  a  boiler  or  when  cleaning  the  interior 
of  the  heating  surfaces,  great  care  must  be  taken  to  guard  against  the  possibility  of 
steam  entering  the  boiler  in  question  from  any  other  boilers  on  the  line  through 
open  blow-off  valves  or  through  the  careless  opening  of  the  boiler  stop  valve. 
Bad  cases  of  scalding  have  resulted  from  neglect  of  this  precaution. 

Boilers  should  be  taken  out  of  service  at  regular  intervals  for  cleaning  and 
repairs.  When  this  is  done,  the  boiler  should  be  allowed  to  cool  slowly  and  when 
possible  allowed  to  stand  twelve  hours  after  the  fires  are  drawn  before  opening. 
The  cooling  process  should  not  be  hastened  by  causing  cold  air  to  rush  through 
the  setting  as  this  will  cause  difficulties  with  the  setting  brickwork.  While  the 

33 


STIRLING     BOILERS     IN     COURSE     OF    ERECTION     AT     THE     UNIVERSITY     OF 
CINCINNATI,    CINCINNATI,    OHIO 

34 


boiler  is  off  for  cleaning,  a  careful  examination  should  be  made  of  its  condition, 
both  internally  and  externally,  and  all  leaks  of  steam,  water  and  air  through 
the  setting  should  be  stopped  promptly. 

If  a  boiler  is  to  remain  idle  for  some  time  it  is  liable  to  deteriorate  much  faster 
than  when  in  service.  If  the  period  for  which  it  is  to  be  laid  off  is  not  to  exceed 
three  months  it  may  be  filled  with  water  while  out  of  service.  The  boiler  should  be 
thoroughly  cleaned  internally  and  externally,  all  soot  and  ashes  being  removed 
from  the  setting  and  any  accumulation  of  scale  removed  from  the  interior 
surfaces.  It  should  then  be  filled  with  water  to  which  about  four  buckets  of 
soda  ash  has  been  added,  a  very  light  fire  started  to  drive  the  air  from  the  water, 
the  fire  then  allowed  to  die  out  and  the  boiler  pumped  full. 

If  the  boiler  is  to  be  out  of  service  for  more  than  three  months,  it  should  be 
emptied,  cleaned  and  thoroughly  dried.  A  tray  of  quicklime  should  be  placed 
in  each  drum,  the  boiler  closed  up,  the  grates  covered  and  a  quantity  of  quicklime 
placed  on  these.  Special  care  must  be  taken  to  prevent  air,  steam  or  water 
leaks  into  the  setting  or  onto  the  pressure  parts,  to  obviate  danger  of  corrosion. 


35 


u 

a 

H 
H 

a 
D 
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H-i      CL, 

*  § 

£  o 


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O  ^ 


TESTS  OF  STIRLING  BOILERS  WITH  VARIOUS  FUELS 


Plant                                                     

Harvard 

Wilkesbarre 

Boston  Ele- 

Medical School 
Boston,  Mass. 

Gas&Elec.  Co. 
Wilk'barre,  Pa 

vated  Ry.  Co. 

sq.  ft. 

7188 

2.AQ± 

H.  P. 

1IQ 

240 

Jiuu 

Hand  fired 

Hand  fired 

JDU 

sq.  ft. 

64 

81 

61 

Fuel             .  \-   .     .     .     .     .     

Bit.  run  of  mine 

Anthracite  rice 

Pocahontas 

Lehigh  Valley 

Duration  of  test  

hours 

10 

7.c 

10 

Ibs. 

112 

147  6 

172 

°F. 

7  $ 

1A.  6 

l67 

1  1824 

I  2285 

I  OQA  f 

Blast  under  grates    

inches 

1.16 

.22 

L)raft  in  furnace  

inches 

•  I  S 

.12 

.08 

Draft  at  boiler  damper 

inches 

,4O 

2  C 

1O 

Temperature  of  escaping  gases           .... 

°F. 

470 

?82 

62  c 

Total  water  fed  to  boiler  

Ibs. 

92288 

76^77 

n  7822 

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°   .     . 
Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
hour    

Ibs. 
Ibs. 

IO9I2I 
10912 

94075 
I  2^4^ 

146468 
14647 

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
square  foot  of  heating  surface  per  hour  . 

Horse-power  developed    
Per  cent  of  rated  horse-power  developed    .     . 

Total  fuel  fired    

Ibs. 

H.  P. 

% 
Ibs 

3-42 

316.3 
99.1 

10647 

5-22 

363-6 
I5I-5 

12449 

4.18 

424-5 
121.3 

14200 

Per  cent  of  moisture  in  fuel  ....... 
Total  dry  fuel      

Of 

/o 
Ibs 

3.12 
IO7I  C 

4.08 
I  IQ4I 

4.09 
17610 

Per  cent  of  refuse  by  test      
Total  combustible    

% 
Ibs 

8.62 

0426 

22.1 
Q7O2 

8.21 

12501 

Dry  fuel  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  per 
hour    

Ibs 

16.12 

I9.6i; 

20.  e, 

fee- 

of 

I7.Q 

i  r6 

1         2 
Flue  gas  analysis   ...."{  O    

% 

C.2 

6.2 

1  CO 

Of 

.1 

•4 

|  Volatile  matter 
Proximate  analysis  dry  fuel  ~{  Fixed  carbon 

crl 
'o 

% 

6.13 

7O.67 

17-73 

74.70 

[Ash     .... 
B.  T.  U.  per  pound  of  dry  fuel       

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
pound  of  dry  fuel      

Of 

lo 
B.T.U. 

Ibs. 

14381 

10.  <8 

23.20 
11298 

7.88 

7.48 
14637 

10.71; 

Efficiency  boiler  and  furnace     

% 

71.19 

67.63 

71.27 

37 


Plant      ........     

Gen.  Elec   Co 

B  &  W   Co 

Detroit  Edison 

Location     

Lvnn,  Mass. 

Barberton   O 

Co. 

Boiler  heating  surface 

sq.  ft. 

IOCOO* 

I  I  27Q 

Rated  horse-power       .     ,     

H.  P. 

IOOO 

1128 

^jui° 
i  765 

Type  of  furnace       .     .     .    ".     

Roney 

B  &W.  chain  gr 

Grate  surface       

sq.  ft. 

180 

187 

Fuel  ii     .'...- 

Bitum.   slack 

Bitum    slack 

Source  of  trade  name       ... 

New  River 

Pittsburgh 

Redjckt  W  Va 

Duration  of  test       

hours 

24 

8 

26  £ 

Steam  pressure  by  gauge      

Ibs. 

171 

132 

2IO 

Temperature  of  feed  water  

°F. 

182 

IOQ 

1  88 

°F. 

I  52 

l6c   "3 

Factor  of  evaporation       .... 

1.0789 

1  .23(2 

1.  1  607 

Blast  under  grates 

inches 

I  OQ 

2   57 

Draft  in  furnace  

inches 

.2F 

.16 

.26 

Draft  at  boiler  damper     

inches 

.67 

•07 

.84 

Temperature  of  escaping  gases      

°F. 

667 

624 

651 

Total  water  fed  to  boiler       

Ibs. 

881348 

499893 

7QO7O28 

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  .     . 
Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
hour    

Ibs. 
Ibs. 

950886 
7O62O 

617468 
77184 

4570051 
1724^6 

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
square  foot  of  heating  surface,  per  hour 

Horse-power  developed    

Ibs. 
H.  P. 

3-96 
1148 

6.84 
2277.2 

7.29 

4QQQ 

Per  cent  of  rated  horse-power  developed    .     . 
Total  fuel  fired    

% 
Ibs: 

II4.8 
92565 

198.3 

672Q2 

211.3 
424000 

Per  cent  of  moisture  in  fuel 

c/ 

e.2i 

7.  so 

I.Q 

Total  dry  fuel      

Ibs. 

87724 

640^7 

41  5Q44 

Per  cent  of  refuse  by  test     

% 

9.24 

18.29 

O.55 

Total  combustible    

Ibs. 

79618 

57060 

376221 

Dry  fuel  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface,  per 
hour    

Ibs. 

20.  -51 

4V4I 

18.7  s 

rco2  .   .   .   . 

Flue  gas  analysis  ....-{  O     
(CO      .     .     .     . 

f  Volatile  matter 
Proximate  analysis  dry  fuel  -\  Fixed  carbon    . 
[  Ash     .... 

% 
% 

% 

% 
% 
% 

B.T.U. 

"•3 

7-5 
0.13 

20.28 
75.84 
3.88 

14817 

I  1.2 

8-3 

.0 

3'-35 

52.71 
15.94 

12130 

15-45 
3.86 
0.17 

33-48 
60.58 
5-94 

14061 

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
pound  of  dry  fuel      

Ibs. 

1084 

Q.CI 

10.99 

Efficiency  boiler  and  furnace     .               ... 

% 

7O.Q2 

76.08 

75.84 

*Two  boilers. 


39 


CO 

fe 
O 

fc 

O 
i— i 
E-> 
Pi 
O 
PM 


40 


TESTS  OF  STIRLING  BOILERS  WITH  VARIOUS  FUELS 


Plant       .     . 

Cincinnati 
W.W. 

Cincinnati,  O. 

4272* 
427 
Amer.  stoker 
84 

Bit.  run  of  mine 
Pittsburgh 

144 
156.4 

21  1.6 

Muncie  Electric 
Light  Company 

Muncie,  Ind. 

5000 
500 

Green  chain  gr. 

95 
Bitum.  slack 
Indiana 

8 

157 
56 

Poughkeepsie 
Lt.,Ht.&Pr.Co. 

P'hk'psie,  N.  Y. 

3060 
306 

Murphy 

Bit.  run  of  mine 
Willmore,  Pa. 

8 

150 
176 
119 
1.1519 

Location     

Boiler  heating  surface  
Rated  horse-power  

sq.  ft. 
H  P. 

Type  of  furnace  

Grate  surface       

sq  ft 

Fuel  

Source  of  trade  name  

Duration  of  test  

hours 

Ibs. 
°F. 
°F 

Steam  pressure  by  gauge 

Temperature  of  feed  water  

Degree  of  superheat    

Factor  of  evaporation  ......... 

i  .0469 
1.70 
•03 
•'3 

407 
1372862 
M37249 

9981 

2-34 

289.3 
67.8 

142397 
i-77 
139877 
10.23 
125565 

11.56 
13.0 

5-9 

.0 

33-42 
56.30 
10.28 

U332 

10.28 
74-83 

1.2073 

Blast  under  grates   

inches 
inches 
inches 

°F. 

Ibs. 
Ibs. 

Ibs. 

Ibs. 
H.  P. 

Draft  in  furnace  

•39 
.90 

411 

140871 
170074 

21259 

4.25 

616.2 
123.2 

23829 
10.30 

21375 
20.00 
17100 

28.1 

8.2 

•23 
•54 

560 

118102 
136042 

17005 

5-56 

492.9 
161.0 

12790 

5.42 
12097 

7-53 
11186 

Draft  at  boiler  damper     

Temperature  of  escaping  gases     .     . 

Total  water  fed  to  boiler  ... 

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°   . 

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
hour    

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
square  foot  of  heating  surface  per  hour  .     . 

Horse-power  developed    .     .     . 

Per  cent  of  rated  horse-power  developed    .     . 
Total  fuel  fired    .     .     . 

of 

to 

Ibs. 

of 

10 

Ibs. 

% 
Ibs. 

Ibs. 

Of 

/o 

% 
% 

% 
% 

01 

/o 
B.T.U. 

Ibs. 

% 

Per  cent  of  moisture  in  fuel  . 

Total  dry  fuel      .... 

Per  cent  of  refuse  by  test      .     . 

Total  combustible    

Dry  fuel  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  per 
hour    

fC02      .... 

Flue  gas  analysis    ...        -|  O 

[CO     .... 

|  Volatile  matter 
Proximate  analysis  dry  coal  -j  Fixed  carbon   . 
I^Ash    .... 
B.  T.  U.  per  pound  of  dry  fuel      

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
pound  of  dry  fuel 

40.07 
38.62 
21.31 

10908 
7.96 
70.81 

21.30 
72.29 
6.41 

M797 
11.25 

73-78 

Efficiency  boiler  and  furnace     

*Two  boilers. 


6000  HORSE-POWER  INSTALLATION  OF  STIRLING  BOILERS  AT  THE  OPEN  HEARTH 
PLANT  OF   THE    REPUBLIC    IRON    AND    STEEL   COMPANY,  YOUNGSTOWN,  OHIO 


42 


TESTS  OF  STIRLING  BOILERS  WITH  VARIOUS  FUELS 


Plant                                     

Pac.Lt.&Pr.Co. 

Southern  Porto 
Rico  Sugar  Co. 

Porto  Rico 

4685 
468 
Exten.  bagasse 
23-4 
Bagasse 
6 

84 

155-1 

1-0957 

.24 
•'3 
.-35 

539 

95623 
104744 

17462 

3-73  • 

506.1 
108.1 

38952 
44.70 
21540 

153-4 

13.2 
6.9 
.1 

44.12 
6.30 

47-47 
0.41 

1.70 
4088 

4.86 
63.85t 

111.  Steel  Co. 
So.  Chi.,  111. 

3612 
361 
Blast  fur.  gas 

Los  Angeles, 
Cal. 

3288 

329 
Oil 

sq.ft. 

Rated  hor^e-power                  *     ,     

H.  P 

sq.  ft. 

Fuel                                              ....     .    ',     . 

Whittier,  Cal. 
Oil 

10 

156 

637 
1.1992 

Blast  fur.  gas 
1.85 

136-5 
44 
1.2175 

4.2} 

.07 
•47 

743 

3365° 
40969 

22145 

6.13 

641.9 

177.8 

Duration  of  test  

hours 

Ibs. 
°F. 

inches 
inches 
inches 

°F. 

Ibs. 
Ibs 

Ibs. 

Ibs. 
H.  P. 

Steam  pressure  by  gauge      

Temperature  of  feed  water  

Factor  of  evaporation       

Draft  in  furnace  ... 

.09 
.14 

454 

97722 
117188 

11719 

3-56 

339-7 
103-3 

7764 
i.  06 
7682 

Draft  at  boiler  damper     .          

Temperature  of  escaping  gases      

Total  water  fed  to  boiler  

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  .     . 

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
hour    

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
square  foot  of  heating  surface  per  hour  .     . 

Horse-power  developed 

Per  cent  of  rated  horse-power  developed   . 
Total  fuel  fired    . 

% 
Ibs. 

% 
IbsT- 

Ibs. 

Per  cent  of  moisture  in  fuel 

Total  dry  fuel      

Dry  fuel  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  per 
hour    . 

f  CO. 
Flue  gas  analysis    .     .         •!  O 

of 

fc 

Oi 
10 

% 

2O.I 
4.0 

•3 

Anal,  ent'g  gas 
C02  —  12.5 
O                  .0 
CO     --  25.8 
H               2.5 
CH4  —       .2 

CO 

Carbon  .... 
Hydrogen   . 

Ultimate  analysis  dry  fuel  -|  Oxygen  •     •     •     • 
Nitrogen 

Sulphur 

[Ash    .     . 

% 
% 

% 

% 
% 
% 

B.T.U. 

Ibs. 

% 

86.02 
11.52 
1.45 

.25 
•75 

.01* 

18677 

15.25 
79-23 

B.  T.  U.  per  pound  of  dry  fuel      

Equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  212°  per 
pound  of  dry  fuel      

•Efficiency  of  boiler  and  furnace     

*  Silt. 

t  Efficiency  based  on  thermal    value  of  bagasse  as  fired   corrected  for  heat  lost  in   evaporating  and    superheating  its 
moisture.     If  correction  extended  to  heat  lost  in  burning  H.,  efficiency  would  be  72.31%. 
t  Pressure  of  entering  gas. 


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MERCHANTS    HEAT   AND    LIGHT   COMPANY,  INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.,  OPERATING 
8500    HORSE-POWER   OF    STIRLING    BOILERS 

46 


2280   HORSE-POWER   INSTALLATION   OF    STIRLING    BOILERS    FOR    THE   HOLLY 
SUGAR   COMPANY,  HUNTINGTON    BEACH,  CAL. 

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Engineering 
Library 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


